Neural Information Processing Systems http://nips.cc/

In various domains, different subjects may exhibit different responses to the same set of treatments. The exploration of this heterogeneity in the effects resulting from exposure has gained substantial interest in recent years. For instance, inferring the heterogeneous effect of a medical treatment on clinical outcome can contribute to the development of personalized treatment (Cai et al., 2011). A similar concept has found application in personalized marketing as well (Chandra et al., 2022).

Inadditiontothememory limitation, there are other important concerns.

Neural Information Processing Systems http://nips.cc/

Our problem can be understood as a two-sided NP classification problem.

Although theteacher haslearned rich and powerful representations, it also contains unignorable bias knowledge which is usually induced by the context prior (e.g., background) in the training data.